Cite (Sandfort): [A] study by Barbaree and Marshall [...] shows that the situation is even more complex. Adults who had had sexual contacts with children were differentiated on the basis of five distinct age preference profiles of penile response, as measured with a plethysmograph. J. Briere, M. Runtz: University males' sexual interest in children: predicting potential indices of "pedophilia" in a nonforensic sample. Child Abuse & Neglect 13:1 (1989), pp. 65-75.
A survey was administered to 193 male undergraduate students regarding their sexual interest in children, as well as their responses to a number of questions theoretically relevant to pedophilia. In total, 21% of subjects reported sexual attraction to some small children, 9% described sexual fantasies involving children, 5% admitted to having masturbated to such fantasies, and 7% indicated some likelihood of having sex with a child if they could avoid detection and punishment. These sexual interests were associated with negative early sexual experiences, masturbation to pornography, self-reported likelihood of raping a woman, frequent sex partners, sexual conflicts, and attitudes supportive of sexual dominance over women. The data did not, however, support clinical theories regarding sexual repression or impulse-control problems among potential pedophiles.
Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the ability of phallometry to discriminate between homicidal child molesters (HCMs), nonhomicidal child molesters (CMs), and controls. Method: Thirty-one HCMs who had committed or had attempted a sexually motivated homicide, 189 CMs, and 47 normal-controls were compared on demographic variables and phallometric responses. The Pedophile Index (PI) was computed by dividing the highest response to the child initiates or child mutual stimulus by the highest response to an adult consenting stimulus. The Pedophile Assault Index (PAI) was computed by dividing the highest response to an assault stimulus involving a child victim by the highest response of the child initiates or child mutual stimulus.
Results: HCMs, CMs, and controls were not significantly different on Age or IQ. CMs had significantly higher PI scores than controls. Significantly more HCMs (51.9%) and CMs (46.7%) had PI scores equal to or greater than 1.0 compared to controls (27.7%) and HCMs had significantly higher PAI scores than both CMs and controls. Furthermore, significantly more HCMs (63.0%) than either CMs (39.9%) or controls (36.2%) had PAI scores equal to or greater than 1.0. Within-group analyses revealed that of the three groups, only the CMs exhibited a significant difference between their PI and PAI scores with their PI scores being higher. Conclusions: Consistent with past research, the PI is useful in differentiating HCMs and CMs from controls and the PAI is able to differentiate HCMs from CMs and controls.
DD: Looking at those numbers, we cannot do much more than record them - the differences between the groups are too small to appoint values to. In particular, if the PI actually would be a good measure of pedophile interest, the conclusion must be that even if we extend the definition of 'pedophile' to include 25% of all men, still half of all incarcerated child molesters are not pedophiles! Interestingly, the non-homocidal child molesters did not have a higher PAI score than the 'normal subjects'.
Cite (Sandfort): Some scholars argue that everybody experiences these feelings; according to them, people with paedophile desires differ only quantitatively and not qualitatively from others.
Heterosexual and homosexual males who erotically preferred physically mature partners were compared with respect to the erotic impact of the nonpreferred age groups (of the preferred gender) and the nonpreferred gender. Erotic impact was assessed by phallometric test of erotic gender and age preferences. This measures penile volume changes during the presentation of potentially erotic stimuli. Homosexual males who preferred physically mature partners responded no more to male children than heterosexual males who preferred physically mature partners responded to female children. Although heterosexual males showed a (slight) erotic aversion to the male stimuli, and homosexual males did not show an aversion to the female stimuli, this difference was minimal.
Cite (Freund): Phallometrically, about 80% of sex offenders who victimized two or more children (unrelated to them) are diagnosed as pedophiles, whereas only about 5% of sex offenders against women are mis-diagnosed as pedophiles. It must pointed out, however, this data was collected from labs using volumetric phallometry, a computer diagnosis which included signals of faking, and strong stimuli; hence our results may be more reliable than those of less equipped labs.
DD: Vergelijking met andere studies geeft aan dat deze 80% waarschijnlijk overeenkomt met de 25% 'population pedophiles', en niet de 1% 'true pedophiles'. Dit is ook al waarschijnlijk wegens de 5% voor verkrachters - aannemende dat ca. 1% van de populatie pedofiel is, en pedofiele verkrachters waarschijnlijk relatief vaak kinderen als slachtoffer kiezen, is dit percentage veel hoger dan mag worden aangenomen. Met de uitkomst van een ander onderzoek (dat ik nu even niet kan vinden) dat 'population pedophilia' relatief zeldzaam is onder verkrachters (mogelijke oorzaken zijn dat ook 'population pedophiles' kinderen als slachtoffer kiezen, of dat sexuele repressie population pedophilia onderdrukt en verkrachting meer waarschijnlijk maakt), lijkt dit de meest waarschijnlijke verklaring.
K. Freund, R. Watson, R. Dickey: Sex offenses against female children perpetrated by men who are not pedophiles. Journal of Sex Research 28:3 (August 1991), pp. 409-423.
H.A. Giroux: Nymphet fantasies: Child beauty pageants and the politics of innocence. Social Text 16:4 (Winter 1998).
R. Gordon: Paedophilia: Normal and Abnormal. In: Kramer, Gordon, Lambert, Williams: The Normal and Abnormal Love of Children. Kansas City: Sheed Andrews & McMeel, 1978.
Cite (Brongersma): Pedofilie is een normaal en algemeen verschijnsel.
München: "Kindheit gilt als Verkörperung von Glück an sich. Diesem Imperativ der goldenen Kindheit kommt der Erwachsene nach, indem er dem Kind eine eigene, möglichst sorgenfreie Realität zur Verfügung stellt. ... Die Kehrseite der erwachsenen Überhöhung der Kindheit ist die mangelnde Anerkennung des Kindes als vollwertige Person. ... Das Kind gilt als das zu beschützende Gut schlechthin. ... Das Kind ist dort eine Projektionsfldche der verschiedenen emotionalen Einstellungen". Seit J. J. Rousseau wird (bürgerliche) Pädagogik nur unter Ausklammerung der kindlichen Sexualität und im Widerspruch zu Päderastie für möglich gehalten. Nach S. Freud, M. Mauss, Levi Strauss und M. Klein wird dieses Postulat durch M. Foucault, Deleuze/Guattari und R. Schirer zunehmend hinterfragt.
In Erotic Innocence James R. Kincaid explores contemporary America's preoccupation with stories about the sexual abuse of children. Claiming that our culture has yet to come to terms with the bungled legacy of Victorian sexuality, Kincaid examines how children and images of youth are idealized, fetishized, and eroticized in everyday culture. Evoking the cyclic elements of Gothic narrative, he thoughtfully and convincingly concludes that the only way to break this cycle is to acknowledge - and confront - not only the sensuality of children but the eroticism loaded onto them.
Drawing on a number of wide-ranging and well-publicized cases as well as scandals involving such celebrities as Michael Jackson and Woody Allen, Kincaid looks at issues surrounding children's testimonies, accusations against priests and day-care centers, and the horrifying yet persistently intriguing rumors of satanic cults and "kiddie porn" rings. In analyzing the particular form of popularity shared by such child stars as Shirley Temple and Macauley Culkin, he exposes the strategies we have devised to deny our own role in the sexualization of children. Finally, Kincaid reminds us how other forms of abuse inflicted on children - neglect, abandonment, inadequate nutrition, poor education - are often overlooked in favor of the sensationalid sexual abuse coverage in the news, on daytime TV talk shows, and in the elevators and cafetarias of America each day.
DD: Kincaid argues that the eroticism of children and other pedophile imagery is much present in the mass culture. One way in which people get their 'child-eroticism' is through the stories of sexual child abuse. He is thus anti-witch hunt, but wants to go further than just the opinion of most anti-witch-hunters that sexual abuse is not as common as often feared. We have to accept that children are sexual, show sexual activity, and that adults have sexual feelings to children. Sexual feelings for children are not bad on themselves (although rape is, of course), while denying those feelings, as we do now, is harmful.
Cite (Brongersma): [W]e zagen [...] al, dat er in elke volwassene een zeker percentage pedofiele neigingen bestaat.
Self reported and physiological sexual arousal to adult and pedophilic stimuli were examined among 80 men drawn from a sample of volunteers. Over 1/4 of the current subjects self-reported pedophilic interest or exhibited penile arousal to pedophilic stimuli that equalled or exceeded arousal to adult stimuli. The hypothesis that arousal to pedophilic stimuli is a function of general sexual arousability factors was supported in that pedophilic and adult heterosexual arousal were positively correlated, particularly in the physiological data. Subjects who were highly arousable, insofar as they were unable to voluntarily and completely inhibit their sexual arousal, were more sexually aroused by all stimuli than were subjects who were able to inhibit their sexual arousal. Thus, arousal to pedophilic stimuli does not necessarily correspond with pedophilic behavior.
OK: Om het fijne gevoel van Theo Sandfort is een van de weinige boeken die ik las over de erotiek in het gewone leven bij het omgaan met heel jonge mensen. Hielp bij het herkennen en accepteren van eigen gedachten.
DD: Belangrijk omdat het een van de weinige werken is waar niet-pedofielen vertellen over erotische gevoelens en erotische contacten ten opzichte van kinderen.
A sample of 180 female and 99 male university students were surveyed regarding their sexual interest in children. Males reported sexual attraction to at least one child more often than did females (n = 22 [22.2%] and n = 5 [2.8%], respectively). Both males and females reported very low rates of sexual fantasies about children, masturbation to such fantasies, or potential likelihood of sexual contact with a child. Males' sexual attraction to children was associated with lower self-esteem, greater sexual conflicts, more sexual impulsivity, lower scores on the Socialization scale of the California Psychological Inventory, greater use of pornography depicting consenting adult sex, and more self-reported difficulty attracting age-appropriate sexual partners. Childhood victimization history and attitudes supporting sexual aggression did not discriminate self-reported sexual attraction to children.
Cite (Brongersma): Een verborgen pedofiele begeerte sluimert in het algemeen bij de meeste mannen.